# Field Evidence of Fasciola hepatica-Mediated Modulation of Antibody Responses to Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccination in Buffaloes

## TL;DR

Fasciola hepatica infection in water buffaloes reduces the quality and strength of antibody responses to foot-and-mouth disease vaccination.

## Contribution

First field evidence showing F. hepatica's impact on FMDV vaccine-induced immunity in water buffaloes.

## Key findings

- F. hepatica-infected buffaloes had two-fold lower neutralising titres compared to non-infected animals.
- IgG levels and avidity were reduced by 36% and 38%, respectively, in infected buffaloes.
- Liquid-phase blocking ELISA titres were 1.6-fold lower in infected animals.

## Abstract

Background: Fasciola hepatica (F. hepatica) infection reduces antibody avidity to foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) vaccination in cattle despite preserved total antibody levels. However, its effect on vaccine-induced immunity in water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis), which contribute to FMDV maintenance in endemic settings, has not been investigated. Objectives: To evaluate the effect of natural F. hepatica infection on the magnitude and functional quality of the FMDV–specific antibody response in buffaloes under field conditions. Methods: Two buffalo herds (n = 50 each) were classified by infection status using coproparasitological analysis and serology. All animals were vaccinated within the national foot-and-mouth disease control programme, with the last dose administered 264 days before sampling. Serum neutralising titres, total antibodies by liquid-phase blocking ELISA, IgG levels, and IgG avidity to the A24/Cruzeiro vaccine strain were determined. Results: F. hepatica-infected buffaloes exhibited consistent decreases across all vaccine-induced antibody parameters. Neutralising titres were reduced approximately two-fold, IgG avidity by about 38 percent, IgG levels by about 36 percent, and liquid-phase blocking ELISA titres by about 1.6-fold compared with non-infected animals. Conclusions: This study provides the first field evidence that fasciolosis is associated with changes in the magnitude and quality of vaccine-induced humoral responses following FMDV vaccination in water buffaloes, indicating that F. hepatica infection may influence the interpretation of post-vaccination serological monitoring in this species under endemic field conditions.