# Mechanical Characterization of PLA+ Specimens with Different Geometries Using Experimental and Numerical Methods

## TL;DR

This study examines how different shapes affect the strength and stiffness of 3D-printed polymer parts using experiments and simulations.

## Contribution

The study systematically quantifies the mechanical impact of geometric discontinuities in FDM-printed PLA+ specimens using both experimental and numerical methods.

## Key findings

- U-notched specimens showed the highest stiffness and strength but lowest ductility due to stress concentration.
- Finite element simulations matched experimental results closely, validating the Ramberg–Osgood material model.
- Geometric discontinuities significantly influence stress localization and fracture behavior in 3D-printed polymer components.

## Abstract

Geometric discontinuities are unavoidable in additively manufactured polymer components and can significantly alter their mechanical response; however, their effects are rarely quantified in a systematic and geometry-comparative manner. In this study, the tensile behavior of FDM-printed PLA+ specimens with three different geometries—dog-bone, circular-hole, and U-notched (manufactured and tested in accordance with ASTM D638 (Type IV))—was experimentally and numerically investigated. Tensile tests were conducted using a universal testing machine equipped with an extensometer, while finite element simulations were performed using an experimentally calibrated Ramberg–Osgood-based elastic–plastic material model. The dog-bone specimens exhibited an ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 41–43 MPa and a Young’s modulus of 3.06 GPa, representing the intrinsic material response under nearly homogeneous stress conditions. Circular-hole specimens maintained comparable strength (38–42 MPa) but showed reduced ductility (1.4–1.6%) and a slightly increased apparent modulus of 3.17 GPa due to localized deformation. In contrast, U-notched specimens displayed the highest apparent modulus (≈5.30 GPa) and nominal UTS (46–49 MPa), accompanied by a pronounced reduction in ductility (0.9–1.0%), indicating severe stress concentration and predominantly brittle fracture behavior. Finite element analysis showed excellent agreement with experimental results, with peak von Mises stresses reaching approximately 42 MPa for all geometries, corresponding closely to the experimentally measured tensile strength. These results demonstrate that geometric discontinuities strongly govern stress localization, apparent stiffness, and fracture initiation in FDM-printed PLA+ components. The validated Ramberg–Osgood-based modeling framework provides a reliable tool for predicting geometry-dependent mechanical behavior under quasi-static loading and supports geometry-aware design of additively manufactured polymer structures.