# Gamma-Ray Attenuation Performance of PEEK Reinforced with Natural Pumice and Palygorskite

## TL;DR

This paper studies how adding natural minerals to a polymer improves its ability to block gamma rays, making it suitable for lightweight radiation shielding.

## Contribution

The study introduces natural pumice and palygorskite as effective, lead-free fillers for enhancing PEEK's gamma-ray attenuation.

## Key findings

- At 15 keV, the linear attenuation coefficient increased significantly with 40 wt% pumice and palygorskite fillers.
- Pumice-filled PEEK showed higher effective atomic numbers and better attenuation performance compared to palygorskite.
- The composites retained good performance at higher photon energies due to Compton scattering dominance.

## Abstract

Lightweight, lead-free polymer–mineral composites have attracted increasing interest as radiation-attenuating materials for applications where reduced mass and environmental compatibility are required. In this work, the γ-ray attenuation behavior of poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) reinforced with natural palygorskite and pumice was evaluated at filler concentrations of 10–40 wt%. Photon interaction parameters, including the linear attenuation coefficient (μ), half-value layer (HVL), mean free path (λ), and effective atomic number (Zeff), were computed over the energy range 15 keV–15 MeV using the Phy-X/PSD platform and validated through full Geant4 Monte Carlo transmission simulations. At 15 keV, μ increased from 1.46cm−1 for pure PEEK to 4.21cm−1 and 8.499cm−1 for the 40 wt% palygorskite- and pumice-filled composites, respectively, reducing the HVL from 0.69 cm to 0.24 cm and 0.11 cm. The corresponding Zeff values increased from 6.5 (pure PEEK) to 9.4 (40 wt% palygorskite) and 15.3 (40 wt% pumice), reflecting the influence of higher-Z oxide constituents in pumice. At higher photon energies, the attenuation curves converged as Compton scattering became dominant, although pumice-filled PEEK retained marginally higher μ and shorter λ up to the MeV region. These findings demonstrate that natural mineral fillers can enhance the photon attenuation behavior of PEEK while retaining the known thermal stability and mechanical performance of the polymer matrix as reported in the literature, indicating their potential use as lightweight, secondary radiation-attenuating components in medical, industrial, and aerospace applications.