# Cryogenic X-Ray Microtomography of Early-Stage Polyurethane Foaming: 3D Analysis of Cell Structure Development

## TL;DR

This paper introduces a new lab-based X-ray technique to study the early formation of polyurethane foam bubbles in 3D, making high-resolution analysis more accessible.

## Contribution

The first use of laboratory cryogenic X-ray microtomography to study early-stage PU foam cell structure development.

## Key findings

- Tripling the catalyst content doubled cell nucleation density from 8.9 × 10⁵ to 1.8 × 10⁶ cells cm⁻³.
- Doubling water content increased cell growth speed but had minimal effect on nucleation density.
- The method can be extended to nanotomography systems for identifying nucleation events.

## Abstract

Laboratory-scale cryogenic X-ray microtomography was employed for the first time to investigate the early structural evolution of polyurethane (PU) foams. This method enables ex situ studying the internal morphology of the frozen reactive mixture at various times before cell impingement. In this work, the precision of the method was evaluated by studying the early bubble formation and growth under different blowing agents and catalyst contents. It was detected that tripling the catalyst weight content doubled cell nucleation density, from 8.9 × 105 to 1.8 × 106 cells cm−3. Yet, doubling the water content has lesser impact on nucleation but leads to fast speeds of cell growth and, in turn, lower relative density at equal reaction times. Overall, it is demonstrated that laboratory cryogenic microtomography can be used to democratise the 3D investigation of the internal structure of foams which was until now only possible in synchrotron facilities. In addition, this method can help elucidate the mechanisms of nucleation and degeneration via directly measuring the density of bubbles and distance between them in the reactive mixture. Finally, this methodology could be extended to recent laboratory nanotomography systems utilizing X-ray tubes with nanometric spot sizes, thereby enabling the confident identification of nucleation events.