# Development and Evaluation of Scaffolds Based on Perch Collagen–Hydroxyapatite for Advanced Synthetic Bone Substitutes

## TL;DR

Researchers developed and tested perch collagen-hydroxyapatite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering, finding they support cell growth and have suitable mechanical properties.

## Contribution

The novel use of perch collagen from marine by-products in creating bone scaffolds with favorable mechanical and biological properties.

## Key findings

- Scaffolds showed porous structures with uniform hydroxyapatite dispersion and good mechanical resistance.
- Perch collagen enhanced osteoblast viability and colonization, indicating good biological functionality.
- Scaffolds exhibited controlled biodegradation and moderate antibacterial activity.

## Abstract

Background/Objectives: Bone defects remain widespread. Type I collagen–hydroxyapatite composites suit bone engineering by mimicking matrix structure, making them pertinent materials for bone tissue engineering across a range of defect types. Their application is well aligned with non-load-bearing conditions, while use in load-bearing sites requires mechanical properties that meet the demands of those environments. Marine collagen offers a low-cost source from processing by-products. This work aimed to develop perch collagen–hydroxyapatite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Methods: Composites with COLL:HAp ratios of 100:0, 50:50, 40:60, and 30:70 were prepared. After crosslinking and freeze-drying, porosity and water absorption were examined. SEM and X-EDS assessed morphology and elemental distribution. FT-IR confirmed the chemical composition. Compression tests evaluated mechanical behavior. Cell viability and colonization assessed the biological performance. Biodegradability, thermal stability, and antimicrobial activity were also determined. Results: FT-IR confirmed the characteristic absorption bands of both components. SEM and swelling behavior showed porous, interconnected structures with uniform hydroxyapatite dispersion. X-EDS indicated Ca/P ratios consistent with hydroxyapatite. Thermal analysis demonstrated scaffold stability. Compression tests showed mechanical resistance for all the scaffolds, with stiffness increasing with the inorganic content. Perch collagen enhanced biological functionality, supporting osteoblast viability and colonization. Biodegradation gradually proceeded. Antibacterial activity against the tested pathogens was detectable, though moderate. Conclusions: The developed scaffolds combined structural stability, controlled degradation, and favorable cell response, constituting a viable and promising candidate for applications in bone tissue engineering.