# Chemical and Molecular Insights into the Arid Wild Plant Diversity of Saudi Arabia

## TL;DR

This study explores the chemical diversity of eight wild desert plants in Saudi Arabia, revealing bioactive compounds that could aid in climate resilience and pharmaceutical development.

## Contribution

The study combines molecular barcoding and GC–MS analysis to uncover novel chemical profiles in underexplored desert flora.

## Key findings

- Over 25 bioactive compounds were identified, including antioxidants and stress-protective metabolites.
- Leptadenia pyrotechnica and Artemisia monosperma showed unique chemical profiles linked to climate resilience.
- The findings highlight the ecological and pharmaceutical potential of Saudi Arabian desert plants.

## Abstract

Arid and semi-arid ecosystems harbor a wealth of underexplored plant biodiversity with untapped ecological and pharmacological potential. This study integrates morphological and molecular barcoding (ITS and rbcL) to confirm the identity of eight wild plant species native to the Saudi Arabian desert: Calligonum crinitum, Tribulus terrestris, Cornulaca monacantha, Cleome pallida, Leptadenia pyrotechnica, Cyperus conglomeratus, Indigofera argentea, and Artemisia monosperma. High-resolution GC–MS analysis identified over 25 bioactive compounds across these taxa, grouped into functional classes including hydrocarbons, esters, fatty acids, quinones, terpenoids, and phenolics. Notable compounds such as n-hexadecanoic acid, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, lupeol, and D-limonene were linked to antioxidant activity, desiccation tolerance, and membrane protection under stress. L. pyrotechnica and A. monosperma emerged as chemical outliers with unique metabolite profiles, suggesting divergent strategies for climate resilience. Our results highlight the ecological and bioeconomic value of desert flora, positioning them as candidates for future research in metabolic engineering, dryland restoration, and plant-based pharmaceuticals. This integrative approach underscores the relevance of desert plants for sustainable development in the face of climate change.