# Evaluation of Daughter Radionuclide Release from the 103Pd/103mRh In Vivo Generator for Targeted Auger Therapy

## TL;DR

This study examines how daughter radionuclides are released from a 103Pd/103mRh system for targeted cancer therapy, finding lower release rates than expected.

## Contribution

The study introduces a novel dry distillation technique and evaluates mechanisms of bond rupture in Auger electron therapy systems.

## Key findings

- Measured 103mRh release rates were significantly lower than expected based on decay data.
- Phthalocyanine-based chelation did not reduce daughter radionuclide release.
- Auger electron cascades, not nuclear recoil energy, likely dominate bond rupture.

## Abstract

Background/Objectives: The 103Pd/103mRh in vivo generator represents a promising Auger electron-emitting system, in which both parent and daughter radionuclides emit predominantly Auger electrons with minimal accompanying radiation. This study investigates the release dynamics of daughter radionuclides from the 103Pd/103mRh in vivo generator and evaluates the underlying mechanisms governing bond rupture and daughter retention. Methods: Cyclotron irradiation of rhodium foils was performed in two separate batches, followed by radionuclide separation using conventional wet chemistry and a novel dry distillation technique. The purified 103Pd radionuclide was used to radiolabel DOTA-TATE, phthalocyanine-TATE, and DOTA-TOC chelators. The resulting complexes were immobilized on Strata-X and Strata-C18 solid-phase extraction columns. Scheduled elution experiments were conducted to quantify the release of the 103mRh daughter radionuclide. Results: The measured 103mRh release rates were 9.8 ± 3.0% and 9.6 ± 2.7% from Strata-X columns with DOTA-TATE and phthalocyanine-TATE, respectively, and 10.5 ± 2.7% and 12.0 ± 0.5% from Strata-X and Strata-C18 columns, respectively, with DOTA-TOC. These values are significantly lower than the ~100% release predicted based on the reported Auger electron yield of 186%. One explanation for this difference could be potential inconsistencies in decay data that may require correction; this needs further investigation. The results further demonstrated that delocalized π-electrons, introduced via phthalocyanine-based chelation, did not mitigate daughter release. Conclusions: The low observed daughter nuclide release represents a favorable characteristic for the future clinical translation of the 103Pd/103mRh Auger emitter pair. The findings support the conclusion that Auger electron cascades, rather than nuclear recoil energy, dominate bond rupture processes.