# Geohelminthiasis and Malaria Co-Infection in Pregnant Women in Kinshasa: Case of Lisungi and Lukunga Hospitals in Democratic Republic of the Congo

## TL;DR

This study examines co-infection of geohelminths and malaria in pregnant women in Kinshasa, finding a low prevalence but a higher risk in the third trimester.

## Contribution

The study identifies the third trimester as a significant risk period for geohelminth-malaria co-infection in pregnant women in Kinshasa.

## Key findings

- Geohelminth-malaria co-infection was observed in 5.7% of pregnant women.
- The third trimester was associated with a significantly increased risk of co-infection and geohelminthiasis.
- Ascaris lumbricoides was the most frequent geohelminth parasite.

## Abstract

Background: Geohelminthiasis and malaria are major public health problems in Kinshasa. Pregnant women are particularly vulnerable to these conditions due to their weakened immunity, with severe complications such as maternal anemia and low birth weight. This study assessed the prevalence and associated factors of geohelminth–malaria co-infection. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in two hospitals in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo, which included 336 pregnant women. The lab analyses included thick smears for malaria, stool examinations for geohelminths, and hemoglobin measurements. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify associated variables, with a significance level set at p < 0.05. Results: Geohelminth–malaria co-infection was observed in 5.7% of pregnant women, while the prevalence of geohelminthiasis alone was 7.7%. Ascaris lumbricoides was the most frequent parasite (6.3%), followed by Trichuris trichiura (1.5%) and Ancylostoma duodenale (0.3%). The third trimester was associated with a significantly increased risk of co-infection and geohelminthiasis (ORa = 5.8; 95% CI: 1.36–9.23; p = 0.0077). No significant association was found between co-infection and maternal anemia. Conclusions: Although co-infection prevalence was low in Kinshasa, the third trimester is a risk period. Systematic screening and integrated management during pregnancy are recommended.