# Investigations of the Use of Invasive Plant Biomass as an Additive in the Production of Wood-Based Pressed Biofuels, with a Focus on Their Quality and Environmental Impact

## TL;DR

This study explores using invasive plants and reed as additives in wood-based biofuel pellets, finding they are technically suitable while managing invasive species and producing renewable heat.

## Contribution

The study introduces invasive herbaceous species as viable additives in pressed biofuel pellets, offering a dual benefit of biomass utilization and invasive species management.

## Key findings

- Pellets made with invasive plants and reed met mechanical and physical quality standards comparable to pure pinewood.
- Combustion emissions from invasive plant and reed pellets were higher than pinewood but within regulatory limits.
- Life cycle assessments showed pinewood had the lowest environmental impact compared to invasive plant and reed mixtures.

## Abstract

The present study investigates the suitability of the invasive herbaceous species Sosnowsky’s hogweed (Heracleum sosnowskyi) and giant knotweed (Fallopia sachalinensis), together with reed (Phragmites australis), as feedstock for pressed biofuel pellets used alone and as additives to pinewood. Biomass of the three herbaceous species and pinewood was harvested, dried, chopped, milled, and pelletized through a 6 mm die to obtain pure pellets and binary mixtures of each herbaceous biomass with pinewood (25, 50, and 75% by weight of herbaceous share). The pellets were characterized for physical and mechanical properties, elemental composition, calorific value, combustion emissions, and life cycle impacts per 1 GJ of heat. Pellet density ranged from 1145.60 to 1227.47 kg m−3, comparable to or higher than pinewood, while compressive resistance satisfied solid biofuel quality requirements. The lower calorific values of all herbaceous and mixed pellets varied between 16.29 and 17.78 MJ kg−1, with increased ash and nitrogen contents at higher herbaceous shares. Combustion tests showed substantially higher CO and NOx emissions for pure invasive and reed pellets than for pinewood, but all values remained within national regulatory limits. Life cycle assessment indicated the highest global warming and fossil fuel depletion potentials for reed systems, followed by Sosnowsky’s hogweed and giant knotweed, with pinewood consistently exhibiting the lowest impacts. Overall, invasive plants and reed are technically suitable as partial pinewood substitutes in pellet production, supporting simultaneous invasive biomass management and renewable heat generation.