# Preparation Method of Upconversion Nanoparticles and Its Biological Application

## TL;DR

This review discusses how upconversion nanoparticles can be prepared and used in biomedical applications like imaging and drug delivery.

## Contribution

The paper systematically reviews recent advances in the preparation and functionalization of upconversion nanoparticles for biomedical use.

## Key findings

- Upconversion nanoparticles offer deep-tissue imaging and drug delivery due to their unique optical properties.
- Challenges include large-scale production uniformity and long-term biosafety of these nanoparticles.
- The paper highlights potential for personalized medicine through intelligent treatment systems using UCNPs.

## Abstract

Next-generation therapeutic devices will rely on an intelligent integrated system that consolidates multiple functions into a single platform. These individual chemical components exhibit diverse physicochemical properties, demonstrating multifunctional characteristics. In this review, we focus on how the distinctive properties of upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs), achieved via refined preparation methods, unlock novel functionalities in biomedical applications. Specifically, features such as near-infrared excitation, deep-tissue penetration, low autofluorescence, and tunable multicolor emission endow UCNPs with substantial potential in fields including deep-tissue imaging, targeted drug delivery, and photodynamic therapy. This article systematically reviews recent advances in the design and functionalization of UCNPs, elucidating their role in facilitating the development of integrated diagnostic and therapeutic platforms and fostering the establishment of intelligent responsive treatment systems. Finally, we address current technical challenges—including uniformity in large-scale production, long-term biosafety, and in vivo metabolic mechanisms—and provide insights into future interdisciplinary integration, clinical translation pathways, and their potential role in personalized medicine.