# Comparative Analysis of Chemical Constituents in Peppers from Different Regions by Integrated LC-MS and GC-MS Non-Targeted Metabolomics

## TL;DR

This study compares the chemical makeup of dried chili peppers from different regions in China to understand how geography affects their quality traits like fat and capsaicinoid content.

## Contribution

The study introduces an integrated LC-MS and GC-MS non-targeted metabolomics approach to reveal region-specific metabolic profiles in peppers.

## Key findings

- Peppers from Pengzhou had the highest capsaicin levels and 529 region-specific metabolites.
- Beta-alanine metabolism was enriched in Pengzhou and Anyue samples, linked to higher fat synthesis.
- Geographical origin significantly influences pepper metabolomes and quality traits.

## Abstract

Background/Objectives: The quality of dried chili peppers is critically influenced by geographical origin, yet the metabolic basis for these differences remains insufficiently explored. This study sought to elucidate the region-specific metabolic profiles and their association with key quality traits in the pepper cultivar ‘Hong Guan 6’. Methods: Fruits harvested from three major cultivation regions in China were analyzed. We quantified fat and capsaicinoid content and employed an integrated LC-MS and GC-MS untargeted metabolomics approach to characterize the metabolite composition. Multivariate statistical analyses were applied to identify differentially abundant metabolites (DAMs) and uncover their related biochemical pathways. Results: Significant regional variations in fat and capsaicinoid content were observed, with peppers from Pengzhou (PZ) exhibiting the highest capsaicin levels. Metabolomic profiling revealed 529 metabolites that were significantly more abundant in PZ samples. These metabolites were enriched in several key pathways, including beta-alanine metabolism, plant hormone signal transduction, and N-glycan biosynthesis. Specifically, elevated levels of β-alanine and malonate in the beta-alanine metabolism pathway were detected in PZ and Anyue (AY) samples, suggesting a potential biochemical mechanism for their enhanced fat synthesis. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate that geographical origin significantly reprograms the pepper metabolome, directly impacting quality attributes. The results provide crucial insights into the biochemical mechanisms, particularly those involving beta-alanine metabolism, that underpin the differences in critical quality traits such as fat content.