# Sex Hormone Supplementation and Cardiovascular Disease Risk

## TL;DR

This paper reviews how sex hormones affect cardiovascular disease risk and highlights the need for personalized approaches in hormone therapy.

## Contribution

The paper provides an updated synthesis of recent clinical studies on the cardiovascular effects of hormone replacement therapies.

## Key findings

- Both hormonal deficiency and excess can negatively impact cardiovascular health.
- HRT and TRT have benefits but also potential adverse effects, depending on individual patient profiles.
- Current evidence suggests a complex relationship between hormonal balance and heart health.

## Abstract

Background and Objectives: The fact that men are at a higher risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) compared to women, regardless of concomitant risk factors, draws attention to the potential role of sex hormones in cardiovascular health. Hormonal therapies undoubtedly play a crucial role in reproductive and endocrine health; however, their cardiovascular implications remain complex and incompletely understood. This review aims at providing an updated overview of recent studies on this topic, highlighting the practical clinical aspects and knowledge gaps. Materials and Methods: This review synthesizes recent clinical studies regarding the cardiovascular impact of female hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and testosterone replacement therapy (TRT). Results: It seems that both hormonal deficiency and excess can exert detrimental effects on the cardiovascular system. While HRT and TRT offer benefits to specific patient populations, their broad biological actions can lead to adverse effects. This creates a sophisticated and delicate relationship between hormonal balance and heart health, complicating the determination of universal safety profiles and use indications. Conclusions: The risk–benefit ratio of hormonal therapies remains a critical concern in clinical practice. Because cardiovascular effects vary significantly based on individual patient profiles, a nuanced approach to prescribing is necessary. Further research is required to bridge knowledge gaps and refine safety guidelines for the use of sex hormones in cardiovascular prevention and treatment.