First Assessment of Risk Factors for Giardia spp. Infection in Hospitalized Patients from Romania

TL;DR

This study in Romania found that age is a significant risk factor for Giardia infection, with the highest rates in infants.

Contribution

The study is the first to assess Giardia risk factors in hospitalized patients in Romania, highlighting age as a key factor.

Findings

Giardia spp. infection prevalence was 4.8% among hospitalized patients in Western Romania.

Age was the only statistically significant risk factor, with the highest infection rate in children under 1 year old.

Other potential risk factors like residence area, hygiene practices, and animal contact were not statistically significant.

Abstract

This study aimed to identify and evaluate the risk factors associated with Giardia spp. infection among generally hospitalized patients with various conditions specific to infectious diseases in Western Romania. A total of 312 patients, ranging in age from 2 months to 90 years and originating from both urban and rural settings, were included in the analysis. Fecal specimens were collected and analyzed using the Rapid-VIDITEST Crypto Giardia antigen test, a qualitative chromatographic assay for the detection of Giardia spp. Infection-related risk factors were assessed through a standardized questionnaire completed by adult patients or by the guardians of pediatric patients. The overall prevalence of Giardia spp. infection was 4.8%. Of the risk factors analyzed, only age demonstrated a statistically significant association with infection status (p < 0.05). Notably, the highest prevalence (12.5%) was recorded in the <1-year age group (2–11 months), with a marked decrease in prevalence observed among patients aged ≥60 years. Other evaluated risk factors—including area of residence, gender, contact with animals, pet ownership, hand hygiene after animal contact, type of housing (house or apartment), fruit washing practices, use of potable water, use of public transportation, international travel, and visits to playgrounds or swimming pools—did not show a statistically significant association with Giardia spp. infection among the study participants. The lack of statistical significance for several expected factors may be related to limited statistical power resulting from the low number of positive cases. These findings contribute to the current understanding of Giardia spp. transmission dynamics and may inform future research efforts aimed at elucidating relevant risk factors. Furthermore, the results may support the development of targeted public health interventions (focusing on infants and their caregivers) and prevention strategies.