# Pathogenic and Genetic Diversity of Sclerotium rolfsii, the Causal Agent of Southern Blight of Common Bean in Uganda

## TL;DR

This study explores the genetic and pathogenic diversity of Sclerotium rolfsii, a fungus causing southern blight in common beans in Uganda, to aid in developing resistant bean varieties.

## Contribution

The study provides new insights into the genetic diversity of S. rolfsii in Uganda using whole-genome sequencing and SNP analysis.

## Key findings

- S. rolfsii strains showed moderate genetic diversity with five distinct genetic clusters identified.
- Disease severity indices ranged from 10.1% to 93.3% among the tested strains.
- Analysis of molecular variance showed 54% of variation occurred between genetic clusters.

## Abstract

Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. is a soil-borne fungus that causes southern blight on many crops in the tropical and subtropical regions. In 2018, southern blight was reported as the most prevalent bean root rot in Uganda. Earlier studies ascertained the morphological and pathogenic diversity of S. rolfsii, but a limited understanding of its genetic diversity exists. Knowledge of S. rolfsii genetic diversity is a critical resource for pathogen surveillance and developing common bean varieties with durable resistance. A total of 188 S. rolfsii strains from infected common bean plants were collected from seven agro-ecological zones of Uganda in 2013, 2020 and 2021, and characterized morphologically and pathogenically. The genetic diversity of the strains was assessed using single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) obtained from whole-genome sequencing. The growth rate of the strains ranged between 1.1 and 3.6 cm per day, while the number of sclerotia produced ranged from 0 to 543 per strain. The strains had fluffy, fibrous, and compact colony texture. The strains were pathogenic on common bean and caused disease severity indices ranging from 10.1% to 93.3%. Average polymorphic information content across all chromosomes was 0.27. Population structure analysis identified five genetically distinct clusters. The results of analysis of molecular variance revealed that 54% of the variation was between clusters while 46% of variation was within clusters. Pairwise comparison of Wright’s fixation indices between genetic clusters ranged from 0.31 to 0.78. The findings of this study revealed moderate genetic diversity among S. rolfsii strains, which should be taken into consideration when selecting strains for germplasm screening.