# A One Health Perspective on Aspergillus fumigatus in Brazilian Dry Foods: High Genetic Diversity and Azole Susceptibility

## TL;DR

This study examines the presence of Aspergillus fumigatus in Brazilian dry foods, finding high genetic diversity but no azole resistance, emphasizing the need for ongoing surveillance.

## Contribution

The study provides new insights into the genetic diversity and azole susceptibility of A. fumigatus in Brazilian dry foods.

## Key findings

- Forty-two A. fumigatus isolates were recovered from 25 commercial food samples.
- Microsatellite genotyping showed high genotypic diversity among isolates.
- No azole-resistant phenotypes were identified despite high genetic diversity.

## Abstract

Aspergillus fumigatus, a saprophytic fungus, causes aspergillosis, primarily affecting the immunocompromised. The efficacy of triazole antifungals is compromised by resistance that has developed both clinically and environmentally. Widespread agricultural use of similar triazole fungicides selects for resistant genotypes, leading to potential food contamination and compromising treatment. This study assessed the presence of azole-resistant A. fumigatus in minimally processed food items commonly consumed in Brazil. A total of 25 commercial samples, including black pepper, yerba mate, and green coffee beans, were collected from different regions. Forty-two A. fumigatus isolates were recovered and screened for susceptibility to agricultural and clinical triazoles by determining EC50 values for tebuconazole (0.04–0.7 µg/mL), itraconazole (0.06–0.5 µg/mL), and voriconazole (0.07–0.15 µg/mL). Sequence analysis of the CYP51A gene revealed the presence of M172V mutation, none of which are associated with resistance. Microsatellite genotyping indicated high genotypic diversity and genetic relatedness among isolates from different food sources. Although no azole-resistant phenotypes were identified, the consistent recovery of A. fumigatus from products not directly exposed to azole fungicides highlights the need for continued surveillance. Agricultural environments remain critical hotspots for the emergence and dissemination of resistance, reinforcing the importance of integrated One Health strategies in antifungal resistance monitoring.