# Cell Surface Markers of Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Current Knowledge and Advances in Characterization Technologies

## TL;DR

This paper reviews current knowledge on cell surface markers of mesenchymal stem cells and their importance in regenerative medicine and clinical applications.

## Contribution

The paper provides a comprehensive overview of MSC surface markers and their functional relevance in stem cell biology and clinical translation.

## Key findings

- MSCs are defined by specific surface markers like CD105, CD73, and CD90.
- Accurate characterization of MSCs is essential for improving isolation and therapeutic efficacy.
- MSCs contribute to tissue repair and therapies for cardiac, orthopedic, and hematological disorders.

## Abstract

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are pivotal in regenerative medicine due to their high differentiation potential and therapeutic versatility. MSCs are multipotent cells capable of differentiating into adipocytes, chondroblasts, osteoblasts, and, under specific conditions, neural, myocyte, and epidermal lineages. This cell type contributes to tissue repair, immunomodulation, and regenerative therapies for cardiac, orthopedic, and hematological disorders. Accurate identification and characterization of these stem cells are essential for both research and clinical applications. MSCs are typically defined by plastic adherence, expression of surface markers CD105, CD73, and CD90, low or absent expression of hematopoietic markers (CD45, CD34), and in vitro differentiation potential. Understanding the expression patterns and functional relevance of these surface markers is critical for improving isolation strategies, enhancing therapeutic efficacy, and minimizing adverse effects. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the principal surface markers of MSCs, highlighting their significance in stem cell biology and clinical translation.