# Effect of Clockwise Reciprocation Motion of Optimum Torque Reverse Kinematic on the Cyclic Fatigue Resistance of Nickel–Titanium Rotary Instruments with Different Metallurgical Properties

## TL;DR

This study found that using a specific motion technique significantly improves the durability of dental instruments made from different materials.

## Contribution

The study demonstrates that reciprocation motion enhances cyclic fatigue resistance of NiTi instruments regardless of their metallurgical properties.

## Key findings

- Clockwise reciprocation motion increased cyclic fatigue resistance by 241.3% to 422.4% compared to continuous rotation.
- EndoSequence instruments showed higher fatigue resistance than ProFile instruments.
- Reciprocation motion improved durability irrespective of the metallurgical phase composition of the instruments.

## Abstract

This study evaluated the effect of clockwise reciprocation motion used in the original Optimum Torque Reverse kinematics, compared with clockwise continuous rotation, on the cyclic fatigue strength of nickel–titanium rotary instruments (NiTi) with different metallurgical characteristics. A total of 120 instruments, ProFile and EndoSequence in sizes 25/.04, 30/.04, and 35/.04, were tested under continuous rotation or reciprocation motions (n = 10 per subgroup). Instruments were examined by optical and scanning electron microscopy to exclude manufacturing defects. Phase transformation temperatures were determined by differential scanning calorimetry, and cyclic fatigue testing was conducted using a custom device simulating a curved canal with a 6 mm radius and an 86° curvature. The time to fracture was recorded, and the number of cycles to fracture was calculated. Statistical comparisons were performed using the Mann–Whitney U test with a significance level of p < 0.05. Differential scanning calorimetry showed that ProFile instruments were fully austenitic at the test temperature, while EndoSequence instruments exhibited a mixed R-phase and austenitic structure. Clockwise reciprocation motion significantly increased cyclic fatigue resistance in all groups compared with clockwise continuous rotation. Time to fracture increased by 241.3% to 337.5%, and EndoSequence instruments consistently demonstrated higher fatigue resistance. The greatest relative improvement was observed in ProFile 35/.04, with a 422.4% increase in the number of cycles to fracture. Overall, the reciprocation motion markedly enhanced cyclic fatigue strength irrespective of metallurgical phase composition, indicating a practical mechanical benefit that may reduce the risk of instrument separation during endodontic procedures.