# Analysis of Off-Design Performance and Thermal–Fluid–Structural Coupling Characteristics of an Adjustable Air Ejector

## TL;DR

This paper studies how adjustable air ejectors behave under off-design conditions, focusing on how heat, fluid flow, and structure interact to affect performance and durability.

## Contribution

The study introduces a new composite nozzle design using a nickel-plated Invar alloy to reduce thermal stress and deformation in adjustable air ejectors.

## Key findings

- Thermal load is the main factor affecting structural stress and deformation in adjustable air ejectors.
- The nozzle exit is the weakest structural point, with peak stress reaching 196.8 MPa at minimal needle opening.
- A nickel-plated Invar alloy composite nozzle is proposed to reduce thermal stress and improve mechanical reliability.

## Abstract

Systematic investigation into the structural integrity of adjustable ejectors, particularly concerning thermal–fluid–structural (TFS) coupling, is currently lacking. Utilizing the Workbench platform, this study performs unidirectional steady-state TFS coupling numerical simulation of the adjustable air ejector under off-design conditions to systematically analyze its internal flow characteristics and structural mechanical responses across various needle openings. The results show that thermal load is the dominant factor governing the ejector’s structural stress and deformation. The overall deformation is primarily characterized by axial elongation, with the maximum thermal deformation localized at the ejector’s exit section. The nozzle exit is identified as the primary structural weak point, exhibiting the highest local stress, which peaks at 196.8 MPa when the needle opening is minimized. Shock train structures extending from the nozzle’s divergent section into the mixing chamber, coupled with the axial displacement of the needle, significantly influence the ejector’s thermal deformation and thermal stress. Based on the thermally dominated stress mechanism identified, this study proposes a composite nozzle design utilizing a nickel-plated Invar alloy substrate. This material fully leverages Invar alloy’s low thermal expansion to mitigate thermal stress and deformation while the nickel plating ensures corrosion resistance, thereby significantly enhancing the nozzle’s mechanical properties and operational reliability in thermal environments. The findings of this analysis are applicable to off-design evaluations under unidirectional steady-state coupling conditions, providing a valuable reference for the structural design and strength optimization of similar ejectors operating in high-temperature, unsteady environments.