# Electronic Structure of Graphene-Doped PEDOT:PSS and Its Influence on Energy-Level Alignment with p-Type Organic Semiconductor ZnPc

## TL;DR

This paper studies how adding graphene to a conductive polymer affects its electronic structure and its ability to transfer holes to a common organic semiconductor.

## Contribution

The study reveals that graphene doping increases the work function of PEDOT:PSS but does not reduce the hole injection barrier due to Fermi-level pinning.

## Key findings

- The work function of PEDOT:PSS increases from 4.86 eV to 5.03 eV with 10 wt% graphene doping.
- The hole injection barrier to ZnPc remains unchanged at 0.26 eV due to Fermi-level pinning.
- Graphene-doped PEDOT:PSS may improve hole injection for organic semiconductors with higher ionization energies.

## Abstract

Poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene polystyrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) is a solution-processable hole transport layer known for its high work function and excellent hole mobility. The incorporation of graphene serves as an effective strategy to augment the hole-transport properties of PEDOT:PSS. In this study, the electronic structure of graphene-doped PEDOT:PSS (G-PEDOT:PSS) was investigated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS). It was found that the work function of PEDOT:PSS increases with graphene doping concentration, rising from 4.86 eV for undoped PEDOT:PSS to 5.03 eV for PEDOT:PSS incorporating 10 wt% graphene. The impact of this modification on the energy-level alignment with zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc), which is a prototypical p-type organic semiconductor, was examined through in situ XPS and UPS analyses. Despite the increased work function, the hole injection barriers for both PEDOT:PSS and G-PEDOT:PSS to ZnPc were determined to be identical at 0.26 eV. This lack of change in the barrier is explicitly attributed to Fermi-level pinning, where the integer charge transfer level of ZnPc is pinned to the Fermi level of the substrate, preventing a further reduction in the energy offset. That said, for other p-type organic semiconductors with higher ionization energies, the use of G-PEDOT:PSS could potentially enable more efficient hole injection.