# Impact of Process Variables on Part Quality in Progressive Stamping

## TL;DR

This study examines how process variables in progressive stamping affect part quality and bending precision, emphasizing the need for multi-factor control.

## Contribution

The study identifies key process variables and their interactions in progressive stamping, offering insights for adaptive monitoring systems.

## Key findings

- BDC depth is the most significant factor affecting part bending angles, followed by punch-die clearance and tool condition.
- Lubrication has a less significant direct effect but influences part quality through interactions with other factors.
- SEM analysis shows that worn tools and poor lubrication cause microcracks and grain boundary separation, while proper conditions maintain structural integrity.

## Abstract

The progressive stamping process includes blanking, piercing, bending, and drawing operations on press machines with a single die set for high production runs. The processing conditions at individual progressive stamping stations are intricately coupled, posing a challenge for maintaining part quality at high production rates and dimensional precision. This study investigated the effects of the die bottom dead center (and later, BDC) depth, punch-die clearance, tool wear condition, and lubrication performance on the precision of stamped parts and bending angles. Quality characteristics were measured using a coordinate measuring machine (CMM) by employing a thin-sheet steel progressive die in a factorial experimental design. Using Pareto effect plots and the MINITAB platform, it was observed that for part bending angles, the first greatest factor of importance is BDC, followed by clearance as the second greatest, and then tool condition. The results reveal that although it affects part quality through interactions, the lubrication effect is not as significant as the main factors. However, SEM analyses show that worn tools and inadequate lubrication induce grain boundary separation, microcracking, and dislocations, while proper lubrication and sharp tooling maintain more homogeneous grain structures. Research indicates that achieving the full control of part quality in the progressive stamping process requires more than bottom dead center (BDC) adjustment; factors such as component clearances, punch condition, and lubrication level must also be considered. Process-based knowledge of the relationships among process parameters in multi-stage stamping processes can be used to develop adaptive monitoring systems that stabilize part geometry and minimize production variation.