# A Review of the Parameters Controlling Crack Growth in AM Steels and Its Implications for Limited-Life AM and CSAM Parts

## TL;DR

This paper reviews how crack growth in additively manufactured steels is influenced by various factors and suggests using specific parameters to better predict and manage material performance.

## Contribution

The study identifies that changes in fatigue threshold and cyclic toughness can explain crack growth behavior in AM and CSAM steels.

## Key findings

- Crack growth behavior in AM and CSAM steels can be approximated by adjusting fatigue threshold and cyclic toughness parameters.
- Plotting crack growth rate against both ΔK and Δκ provides better insights into material performance.
- Findings support using fracture toughness measurements alongside operational requirements for AM part certification.

## Abstract

This paper reviews the fracture mechanics parameters associated with the variability in the crack growth curves associated with forty-two different tests that range from additively manufactured (AM) steels to cold spray additively manufactured (CSAM) 316L steel. As a result of this review, it is found that, to a first approximation, the effects of different building processes and R-ratios on the relationship between ΔK and the crack growth rate (da/dN) can be captured by allowing for changes in the fatigue threshold and the apparent cyclic toughness in the Schwalbe crack driving force (Δκ). Whilst this observation, when taken in conjunction with similar findings for AM Ti-6Al-4V, Inconel 718, Inconel 625, and Boeing Space Intelligence and Weapon Systems (BSI&WS) laser powder bed (LPBF)-built Scalmalloy®, as well as for a range of CSAM pure metals, go a long way in making a point; it is NOT a mathematical proof. It is merely empirical evidence. As a result, this review highlights that for AM and CSAM materials, it is advisable to plot the crack growth rate (da/dN) against both ΔK and Δκ. The observation that, for the AM and CSAM steels examined in this study, the da/dN versus Δκ curves are similar, when coupled with similar observation for a range of other AM materials, supports a prior study that suggested using fracture toughness measurements in conjunction with the flight load spectrum and the operational life requirement to guide the choice of the building process for AM Ti-6Al-4V parts. The observations outlined in this study, when taken together with related findings given in the open literature for AM Ti-6Al-4V, AM Inconel 718, AM Inconel 625, and BSI&WS LPFB-built Scalmalloy®, as well as for a range of CSAM-built pure metals, have implications for the implementation and certification of limited-life AM parts.