# Influence of Binder Reactivity and Grain Size Fraction on the Technological, Mechanical, and Thermophysical Properties of Core Moulding Sands

## TL;DR

This study examines how binder reactivity and sand grain size affect the properties of core sands used in casting, finding that a combination of larger grains and lower-reactivity binders offers the best performance.

## Contribution

The paper introduces a comparative analysis of two resole binders and two sand fractions, revealing their impact on mechanical and thermophysical properties in core sands.

## Key findings

- Higher-reactivity binders increase early strength but lower-reactivity binders yield higher tensile strength after 24–48 hours.
- Finer sand fractions (BK 45) improve thermal insulation but reduce permeability and increase friability.
- BK 40 sand with lower-reactivity resin provides optimal thermal stability and conductivity for casting processes.

## Abstract

The properties of chemically bonded core sands strongly depend on the reactivity of phenol-formaldehyde resole binders and on the granulometry of the sand matrix. This study presents an evaluation of the mechanical, technological, thermomechanical, and thermophysical properties of core sands prepared using two resole binders with different reactivity levels (Resin 1—lower reactivity; Resin 2—higher reactivity) and two fractions of quartz sand (BK 40 and BK 45). The investigations included the kinetics of strength development (1–48 h), friability, permeability, thermal deformation (DMA), and the determination of thermophysical coefficients (λ2, a2, b2) based on temperature field registration during the solidification of a copper plate. The results indicate that sands containing the higher-reactivity binder exhibit a faster early strength increase (≈0.42–0.45 MPa after 1–3 h), whereas sands bonded with the lower-reactivity resin reach higher tensile strength after 24–48 h (≈0.58–0.62 MPa). Specimens based on BK 45 quartz sand achieved higher tensile strength; however, the finer grain fraction resulted in increased friability (up to ≈3.97%) and a reduction in permeability by 30–40%. DMA analysis confirmed that sands based on BK 40 exhibit delayed and more stable thermal deformation. Thermophysical parameters revealed that BK 45 provides significantly higher thermal insulation, extending the solidification time of the Cu plate from 71–73 s to 89–92 s compared with BK 40. Overall, the results indicate that the combination of BK 40 quartz sand and a lower-reactivity resin offers an optimal balance between thermal conductivity and thermal stability, promoting improved technological performance in casting processes. The determined thermophysical coefficients can be directly applied as input data for foundry process simulations.