# Functional Molecular Plasma Biomarkers of Inflammation and Repair in Kidney Disease Progression in Gum Arabica Modality of CKD

## TL;DR

This study explores how consuming Gum Arabica affects plasma biomarkers in chronic kidney disease patients, finding some significant changes in inflammation and repair markers.

## Contribution

The study identifies specific molecular biomarkers influenced by Gum Arabica consumption in CKD patients, offering new insights into potential therapeutic effects.

## Key findings

- GA-consumers showed significantly lower concentrations of sirtuin 1 and SOST–sclerostin 1.
- Lipocalin 2 and uromodulin levels were significantly higher in GA-consumers.
- Cystatin C and myeloperoxidase showed no substantial variation between GA-consumers and controls.

## Abstract

Using colorimetric ELISA, this study aims to assess the impact of Gum Arabica (GA) consumption on functional molecular plasma biomarkers of chronic kidney disease (CKD) via a prospective cohort of GA-consumers (cases) vs. non-consumer (age- and CKD stage-matched) controls. Cohort’s hypertension (92.5%), dyslipidemia (64.8%), and diabetes mellitus (54.8%) were prevalent; the mean CKD duration was 6.94 years (SD 7.8) for both study groups. Comparable eGFR, sCr, ESR, CRP, HbA1c, FPG, UA, and fasting lipid parameters were in both study arms. In consumer cases, the mean duration of GA-consumption was 1.3 ± 1.1 (range 0.25–6) years with a mean dose of 1.7 ± 1.0 (range 0.5–6) spoons per day. Leucine-rich alpha 2-glycoprotein, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, sirtuin 1, and SOST–sclerostin 1 were significantly (p value < 0.01) of lower concentrations, but lipocalin 2 and uromodulin were invariably (p value < 0.05) greater in the GA-consumer cases than those of controls. Strikingly, cystatin C, myeloperoxidase, orosomucoid 1, and symmetric dimethylarginine lacked any substantial variations in the GA-consumer cases vs. those in controls (p value > 0.05). Proportional correlations of CKD duration–PAI1 levels and sCr-lipocalin 2 levels but inverse correlations of orosomucoid 1-hypertension duration and SDMA-DBP were evident in cases.