# Advances in the Diagnosis and Management of High-Risk Cardiovascular Conditions: Biomarkers, Intracoronary Imaging, Artificial Intelligence, and Novel Anticoagulants

## TL;DR

This review discusses new tools like biomarkers, imaging, and AI to better diagnose and treat high-risk heart conditions, aiming for more personalized care.

## Contribution

The paper integrates recent clinical evidence on biomarkers, imaging, AI, and anticoagulants for managing acute coronary syndromes.

## Key findings

- High-sensitivity cardiac troponins and natriuretic peptides are key biomarkers for diagnosing and predicting outcomes in ACS.
- Intracoronary imaging with IVUS or OCT improves procedural outcomes and plaque characterization in ACS patients.
- Factor XI inhibitors show promise as safer anticoagulants but require further large trials for validation.

## Abstract

Understanding thrombosis in acute coronary syndromes (ACSs) has evolved through advances in biomarkers, intracoronary imaging, and emerging analytical tools, improving diagnostic accuracy and risk stratification in high-risk patients. This narrative review provides an integrative overview of contemporary evidence from clinical trials, meta-analyses, and international guidelines addressing circulating biomarkers, intracoronary imaging modalities—including optical coherence tomography (OCT), intravascular ultrasound (IVUS), and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)—artificial intelligence–based analytical approaches, and emerging antithrombotic therapies. High-sensitivity cardiac troponins and natriuretic peptides remain the most robust and guideline-supported biomarkers for diagnosis and prognostic assessment in ACS, whereas inflammatory markers and multimarker strategies offer incremental prognostic information but lack definitive validation for routine therapeutic guidance. Intracoronary imaging with IVUS or OCT is supported by current guidelines to guide percutaneous coronary intervention in selected patients with ACS and complex coronary lesions, leading to improved procedural optimization and clinical outcomes compared with angiography-guided strategies. Beyond procedural guidance, OCT enables detailed plaque characterization and mechanistic insights into ACS, while NIRS provides complementary information on lipid-rich plaque burden, primarily for risk stratification based on observational evidence. Artificial intelligence represents a rapidly evolving tool for integrating clinical, laboratory, and imaging data, with promising results in retrospective and observational studies; however, its clinical application in thrombosis management remains investigational due to the lack of outcome-driven randomized trials. In the therapeutic domain, factor XI inhibitors have demonstrated favorable safety profiles with reduced bleeding and preserved antithrombotic efficacy in phase II and early phase III studies, but their definitive role in ACS management awaits confirmation in large, outcome-driven randomized trials. Overall, the integration of biomarkers, intracoronary imaging, and emerging analytical and pharmacological strategies highlights the potential for more individualized cardiovascular care. Nevertheless, careful interpretation of existing evidence, rigorous validation, and alignment with guideline-directed practice remain essential before widespread clinical adoption.