# In Vitro Study on the Effects of Rhododendron mucronulatum Branch Extract, Taxifolin-3-O-Arabinopyranoside and Taxifolin on Muscle Loss and Muscle Atrophy in C2C12 Murine Skeletal Muscle Cells

## TL;DR

This study explores how Rhododendron mucronulatum extract and its compounds may help prevent muscle loss and atrophy by reducing cell death and promoting muscle growth in lab-grown mouse muscle cells.

## Contribution

The study identifies Taxifolin-3-O-arabinopyranoside and Taxifolin as potential natural agents for sarcopenia prevention with lower cytotoxicity.

## Key findings

- RMB and its compounds reduced oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in muscle cells.
- They attenuated muscle atrophy by regulating key proteins like Atrogin-1 and MyoD.
- Tax-G showed comparable efficacy to Tax-A with less cytotoxicity.

## Abstract

Sarcopenia, an age-related muscle atrophy disease, is a major health concern in aging societies and is closely associated with severe chronic diseases. Its primary pathogenesis involves oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in muscle cells and an imbalance in protein metabolism. This study evaluated the potential of Rhododendron mucronulatum branch extract (RMB) and its major flavonoids, taxifolin-3-O-arabinopyranoside (Tax-G) and taxifolin (Tax-A), as natural therapeutic agents for sarcopenia. Phytochemical analyses were performed using TLC, HPLC, LC-MS/MS, and NMR, and Tax-G and Tax-A were isolated from RMB. In vitro models of apoptosis and muscle atrophy were established in C2C12 cells using H2O2 and dexamethasone (DEX), respectively. Cell viability, myotube diameter, and protein expression related to apoptosis and muscle differentiation were assessed. All three substances reduced H2O2-induced apoptosis by increasing Bcl-2 and inhibiting cleaved caspase-3 and PARP. They also attenuated DEX-induced muscle atrophy by suppressing Atrogin-1, MuRF1, and FoxO3α while promoting MyoD, Myogenin, Akt, and mTOR. Although Tax-A showed the highest activity, Tax-G exhibited comparable effects with lower cytotoxicity. These findings demonstrate that RMB and its active compounds protect muscle cells by regulating apoptosis and muscle metabolism, suggesting their potential as safe and functional natural materials for the prevention of sarcopenia.