Host Responses to SARS-CoV-2 with an Emphasis on Cytokines
Hideki Hayashi, Yoshinao Kubo, Yoshimasa Tanaka
TL;DR
This paper reviews how the body's immune system, especially cytokines, responds to SARS-CoV-2 infection and proposes a new method to measure active cytokines.
Contribution
The paper introduces a novel approach to quantify biologically active cytokine levels in clinical samples.
Findings
Cytokines are essential for antiviral defense but can cause severe immunopathology if dysregulated.
Interferons and other cytokines activate antiviral mechanisms and immune cell recruitment.
A new method is proposed to assess cytokine activity in the presence of inhibitors and autoantibodies.
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly affected societies around the world. Although the emergency phase of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has ended, the threat it poses remains persistent. This review aims to clarify the mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) infection to support effective management of the disease. A central focus is the host cellular response to the viral infection, with particular emphasis on the role of cytokines. Cytokines play a dual role in antiviral defense: they contribute to the inhibition of viral replication and facilitate the clearance of pathogens, yet dysregulated cytokine responses can result in severe immunopathology. Interferons (type I, type II, and type III) and other cytokines are pivotal in activating intracellular antiviral mechanisms and in orchestrating the recruitment of immune cells through extracellular…
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Taxonomy
TopicsSARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research · COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies · Immune responses and vaccinations