# A 3D Collagen–Alginate Hydrogel Model for Mechanoregulation of Autophagy in Periodontal Ligament Cells

## TL;DR

This paper introduces a 3D hydrogel model to study how mechanical compression affects autophagy in periodontal ligament cells, revealing a key role for AKT-mTOR signaling.

## Contribution

A novel 3D hydrogel model was developed to study mechanoregulation of autophagy in periodontal ligament cells under realistic compression.

## Key findings

- Cells under compression showed increased autophagy markers like ATG7, Beclin1, and LC3-II/LC3-I within 4-8 hours.
- Pharmacological inhibition of AKT-mTOR enhanced autophagy, identifying it as a negative regulator.
- The hydrogel model mimics native matrix properties and enables quantitative studies of periodontal remodeling.

## Abstract

Mechanical loading is a central cue in periodontal tissues, where compression of the periodontal ligament guides remodeling and orthodontic tooth movement (OTM). However, most mechanobiology studies have used two-dimensional cultures with poorly defined loading, and the role of autophagy under realistic three-dimensional compression remains unclear. In this study, we constructed a three-dimensional static compression model by encapsulating human periodontal ligament cells in collagen–alginate–CaSO4 hydrogels, whose swelling, degradation, and viscoelasticity approximate those of native matrix. When exposed to a controlled static compressive stress, the cells exhibited an early autophagic response with increased ATG7, Beclin1, and LC3-II/LC3-I; accumulation of LC3-positive puncta; and reduced p62 expression between 4 and 8 h. Pharmacological modulation showed that activation of AKT-mTOR signaling suppressed this response, whereas its inhibition further augmented autophagy, identifying AKT-mTOR as a negative regulator of compression-induced autophagy. Together, these findings demonstrate that moderate static compression drives AKT-mTOR-dependent autophagy in periodontal ligament cells and establish a simple hydrogel platform for quantitative studies of periodontal remodeling.