# How ATP-Dependent Chromatin Remodeling Complexes Regulate Vertebrate Embryonic Development

## TL;DR

This review explains how ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes control gene expression during vertebrate embryonic development and their roles in cell fate and development.

## Contribution

The paper systematically reviews the classification and conserved mechanisms of chromatin remodelers in early embryogenesis.

## Key findings

- Chromatin remodeling complexes regulate embryonic genome activation and lineage specification in mammals.
- In non-mammalian models like Xenopus laevis, these complexes function during gastrulation and neurulation.
- They are essential for chromatin reprogramming and cell fate decisions in early development.

## Abstract

ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes regulate gene expression by altering chromatin structure through ATP hydrolysis. They are classified into four families—SWI/SNF, ISWI, CHD, and INO80—which remodel chromatin via nucleosome sliding, eviction, assembly, and editing to control transcription. These complexes play critical roles in DNA repair, tumorigenesis, and organogenesis. Recent advances in low-input proteomics have highlighted their importance in vertebrate embryonic development. In mammals, they regulate embryonic genome activation, lineage specification, and stem cell fate determination. In non-mammalian models (e.g., Xenopus laevis), they function from blastocyst formation to pre-organogenesis stages (gastrulation and neurulation)—key windows for chromatin reprogramming and cell fate decisions. This review provides a systematic overview of chromatin remodeling complexes, detailing their classification and conserved mechanisms, and discusses their functions in early embryogenesis and embryonic stem cell maintenance. The collective evidence underscores the implications of these chromatin remodelers for understanding developmental defects and advancing regenerative medicine.