# Evaluation of the Antimicrobial, Cyto-Genotoxic, and Antigenotoxic Activity of Dipteryx odorata Seed Extracts

## TL;DR

This study evaluates the antimicrobial, cyto-genotoxic, and antigenotoxic effects of Dipteryx odorata seed extracts on human pathogens and lymphocytes.

## Contribution

This is the first comprehensive evaluation of the cyto-genotoxic and antigenotoxic profiles of tonka bean extracts.

## Key findings

- TBSE showed significant antimicrobial activity, while TBSH was less effective.
- TBSE at 0.2 µL/mL showed genotoxicity, but at low doses exhibited antigenotoxic activity against mitomycin C.
- TBSH increased genotoxic potency when combined with mitomycin C.

## Abstract

In the present study, Dipteryx odorata seeds (tonka beans) were extracted via the Soxhlet method to acquire ethanolic (TBSE) and hexane (TBSH) extracts. Both extracts were characterized using Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The antimicrobial activity was evaluated against two Gram-positive (Bacillus licheniformis, Staphylococcus epidermidis) and two Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) human pathogens using the disc diffusion test (DDT), followed by the determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC). The Cytokinesis-Block Micronucleus (CBMN) assay was applied in human lymphocytes (0.1, 0.2, 0.5 µL/mL), to investigate the cyto-genotoxic activity of both extracts, while their antigenotoxic potential was evaluated against mitomycin C (MMC) (0.5 μg/mL). Coumarin was the major constituent in both extracts. TBSE exhibited remarkable antimicrobial activity, whereas TBSH was not equally potent. Cytotoxicity was reported for higher doses, while no genotoxicity was observed, except for 0.2 µL/mL for TBSE. A considerable antigenotoxic activity was shown by the lowest dose of TBSE, which was not present at the two highest concentrations. However, TBSH did not diminish the MMC mediated genotoxicity, while at the same time led to an increase in genotoxic potency. To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive evaluation of the cyto-genotoxic and antigenotoxic profiles of tonka bean extracts.