# Bovine Milk Polar Lipids: Lipidomics Advances and Functional Perspectives

## TL;DR

This paper reviews how advanced lipidomics techniques are uncovering the roles of polar lipids in bovine milk, offering new tools for quality control and nutritional assessment.

## Contribution

The paper introduces how LC–MS-based lipidomics is revealing new insights into polar lipid profiles and their functional roles in bovine milk.

## Key findings

- Advanced LC–MS platforms enable accurate detection of sphingolipids and phospholipids in bovine milk.
- Lipid species like PC/PE balance and SM profiles serve as indicators of milk quality and processing history.
- Polar lipid signatures can be used for dairy authenticity verification and shelf-life assessment.

## Abstract

Bovine milk is a complex biological fluid whose lipid fraction plays essential roles in nutrition, processing, and product quality. While conventional analyses have traditionally focused on total fat content and fatty acid composition, recent advances in liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) have unveiled the molecular diversity of polar lipids, particularly phospholipids and sphingolipids. These compounds, largely associated with the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM), include key molecular species such as phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), sphingomyelin (SM), ceramides (Cer), and lysophospholipids, which collectively contribute to emulsion stability, flavor development, and bioactive functionality. This review summarizes current progress in the determination of sphingolipids and phospholipids in bovine milk, with a specific focus on analytical strategies enabling their accurate detection, identification, and quantification. We discuss how advanced LC–MS platforms have been applied to investigate factors shaping the milk polar lipidome, including lactation stage, animal diet, metabolic and inflammatory stress, and technological processing. Accumulating evidence indicates that specific lipid species and ratios, such as PC/PE balance, SM and ceramide profiles, and Lyso-PC enrichment, act as sensitive molecular indicators of membrane integrity, oxidative status, heat stress, and processing history. From an applied perspective, these lipidomic markers hold strong potential for dairy quality control, shelf-life assessment, and authenticity verification. Overall, advanced lipidomics provides a robust analytical framework to translate molecular-level lipid signatures into actionable tools for monitoring cow health, technological performance, and the nutritional valorization of bovine milk.