# Jumping Kinematics and Performance in Fighting Crickets Velarifictorus micado

## TL;DR

This study explores how crickets jump efficiently by analyzing their force, angle, and movement to improve robot and catapult designs.

## Contribution

The study introduces a new theoretical model combining experimental data to explain cricket jumping mechanics.

## Key findings

- Crickets use front slow-loaded force to maximize power while reducing acceleration time.
- Gravity impacts vertical propulsion more than aerodynamic drag during take-off.
- Higher take-off angles reduce velocity and displacement due to gravitational effects.

## Abstract

Jumping is a fundamental locomotion in insects, offering high performance and efficient movement. However, the relationships between the jumping force and performance remain inadequately understood. Here, we combine experimental measurements with a theoretical model to investigate the jumping kinematics and performance of crickets Velarifictorus micado. We examine how jumping force, gravity, aerodynamic drag, and take-off angle influence the jumping velocity, displacement, and power output of the crickets. We discuss the mechanistic advantages of various jumping force designs and demonstrate that the front slow-loaded force adopted by crickets enables greater power output while minimizing take-off displacement and acceleration time. The results show that aerodynamic drag exerts negligible influence, whereas gravity mainly affects the vertical propulsive component during the take-off phase. The gravitational effect leads to a decrease in resultant velocity and displacement with increasing take-off angle. This study advances our understanding of the mechanical principles governing jumps of insects and provides valuable insights for the design of high-performance jumping robots and catapult systems.