# Second victims among emergency medical dispatchers in Germany: a cross-sectional study (SeViD-VII)

## TL;DR

This study finds that many emergency medical dispatchers in Germany experience emotional distress after traumatic incidents, highlighting the need for better support and awareness.

## Contribution

The study is the first to investigate the Second Victim Phenomenon among emergency medical dispatchers in Germany.

## Key findings

- Over 60% of EMDs identified as Second Victims after traumatic events like patient deaths or suicides.
- Neuroticism and openness personality traits were linked to higher symptom burden from SVP.
- Friends and family were the primary support sources, with structured debriefing and counseling seen as most helpful.

## Abstract

Emergency Medical Dispatchers (EMDs) play a critical role in coordinating emergency responses while being remotely exposed to distressing incidents. The Second Victim Phenomenon (SVP) refers to emotional distress experienced by healthcare professionals following adverse events; however, its prevalence and impact among EMDs remain poorly understood. This study examines the prevalence, symptom burden, and support preferences related to SVP among EMDs in Germany.

A cross-sectional survey was conducted using the validated SeViD-questionnaire, supplemented with demographic items. The survey assessed SVP prevalence, symptom severity, and preferred support measures. A web-based survey was distributed via professional networks. Descriptive statistics summarized sample characteristics and binary logistic regression was used to identify predictors of SVP and symptom burden.

Among 407 respondents, 315 completed the questionnaire (completion rate: 78%). More than half (62.2%) of participating EMDs identified as Second Victims, despite limited prior awareness of the phenomenon. Traumatic events such as patient deaths or suicides and aggressive behavior were central triggers. SVP was linked to symptoms including emotional strain and difficulties concentrating, with neuroticism associated with greater symptom load (p = 0.02). Binary logistic regression suggested that higher scores of the personality trait openness and professional experience increase SVP risk (p < 0.01). Although many affected EMDs refrained from seeking help, those who did often relied on their friends and family for support. Immediate time off, structured debriefing, and professional counseling emerged as the most valued support strategies.

SVP is highly prevalent among EMDs, highlighting the need for targeted support strategies. Raising awareness, integrating SVP education into dispatcher training, and establishing accessible psychological support programs are essential to improve well-being and resilience in this professional group.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12245-025-01084-y.