# Effects of Caffeic Acid Supplementation on Human Sperm Against In Vitro-Induced Oxidative Stress: Nrf2 Molecular Pathway

## TL;DR

This study shows that caffeic acid protects human sperm from oxidative stress in laboratory settings by activating the Nrf2 pathway.

## Contribution

The novel finding is that caffeic acid supplementation protects sperm from oxidative damage through upregulation of the Nrf2 pathway.

## Key findings

- Caffeic acid at 100 µM improved sperm motility and DNA integrity without causing damage.
- Caffeic acid reduced oxidative stress markers and restored sperm parameters damaged by H2O2.
- CAF upregulated Nrf2 and HO-1 expression, suggesting a protective mechanism via the Nrf2 pathway.

## Abstract

Oxidative stress (OS) is a major cause of defective sperm function. During laboratory handling, gametes are exposed to OS, potentially mitigated by in vitro antioxidant supplementation. This study evaluates the protective role of caffeic acid (CAF) on basal human semen and under induced OS. First, six semen samples from normozoospermic donors were incubated with CAF concentrations ranging from 50 to 500 µM at 37 °C for 2 h. Sperm motility and DNA integrity (acridine orange) were evaluated. Then, ten semen samples were divided into four aliquots and incubated, respectively, with CAF at 100 µM, H2O2 at 2 mM, or H2O2 at 2 mM + CAF at 100 µM, or untreated. Motility, DNA integrity, acrosome status (Pisum sativum agglutinin), OS quantified by F2-isoprostanes (ELISA), and expression of Nrf2, Keap1, and HO-1 (qRT-PCR) were assessed. CAF at 100 µM improved progressive motility without damaging DNA and was selected for subsequent experiments. CAF showed protective effects on sperm damage induced by H2O2 treatment, restoring motility, DNA integrity, and acrosome status and reducing F2-isoprostane levels. Nrf2 and HO-1 expression were upregulated by CAF, downregulated by H2O2, and restored by the co-treatment. CAF supplementation may protect human spermatozoa during in vitro handling by reducing OS, improving several sperm parameters, with a possible mechanism of action involving the Nrf2 pathway.