# Valorization of Onion-Processing Waste: Digestive Fate, Bioavailability, and Cellular Antioxidant Properties of Red and Yellow Peels Polyphenols

## TL;DR

This study compares the antioxidant properties and digestive fate of polyphenols from red and yellow onion peels, highlighting their potential as functional food ingredients.

## Contribution

The study provides new insights into the digestive stability and bioavailability of polyphenols from two onion cultivars, linking their chemical and cellular antioxidant activities.

## Key findings

- Red onion peels had higher total polyphenol content and unique anthocyanins compared to yellow peels.
- Yellow peel polyphenols showed greater intestinal recovery and better cellular antioxidant activity.
- Glycosylated flavonols were more stable and had moderate intestinal transport compared to quercetin aglycone.

## Abstract

Onion (Allium cepa L.) peels represent a major agro-industrial by-product and are a rich source of polyphenols, with recognized antioxidant properties. This study compared the polyphenolic profile of two onion cultivars peels: red “Rossa di Tropea” and yellow “Recas”. Their digestive stability, intestinal bioavailability, and antioxidant activity were evaluated. Hydroalcoholic extracts were characterized by HPLC-DAD, subjected to a static gastrointestinal digestion model, and assessed for transport across differentiated Caco-2 monolayers. Antioxidant properties were determined using DPPH, FRAP, Cellular Antioxidant Activity (CAA), and intracellular glutathione (GSH) assays. Red peels contained a higher total polyphenol content (28.44 mg/g DW) than yellow peels (15.61 mg/g DW), including anthocyanins uniquely present in the red cultivar. Digestive stability varied markedly between cultivars, with yellow peels showing greater intestinal recovery (72.7%) than red peels (49.1%). Glycosylated flavonols were more stable and exhibited moderate intestinal transport (Papp = 1.1–9.9 × 10−6 cm·s−1), whereas quercetin aglycone showed low permeability. Red peel extracts demonstrated stronger chemical antioxidant activity, while yellow peels were more effective in cell-based assays, displaying higher CAA values and inducing a pronounced increase in intracellular GSH. Overall, onion peel extracts exhibit promising antioxidant and biological properties. However, their limited bioavailability highlights the need for formulation strategies to enhance gastrointestinal stability and intestinal uptake, supporting their potential use as sustainable functional ingredients.