# Community Pharmacists’ Perspectives on Antibiotic Misuse and Antimicrobial Resistance in Cyprus: A Reflexive Thematic Analysis

## TL;DR

This study explores how community pharmacists in Cyprus manage antibiotic use and address antimicrobial resistance through their interactions with patients.

## Contribution

The study provides new insights into the role of community pharmacists in antimicrobial stewardship within a highly regulated setting.

## Key findings

- Pharmacists use regulation and e-prescribing as tools to manage antibiotic misuse.
- They frequently encounter patient demands for unnecessary antibiotics and use counseling to promote appropriate use.
- Systemic barriers like workload and communication challenges hinder effective antimicrobial stewardship.

## Abstract

Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major global health threat, and Cyprus reports one of the highest levels of community antibiotic consumption in the EU. Despite their central role in antibiotic access and counselling, the stewardship practices and perspectives of community pharmacists in this regulated setting are not well documented. Methods: We conducted semi-structured qualitative interviews with 20 community pharmacists to explore their perspectives on antibiotic use and AMR. Results: We analysed the data using reflexive thematic analysis, revealing five key themes: regulation and control of dispensing; pharmacist–patient interaction and misuse; antimicrobial stewardship and public education; safety and professional responsibility; and systemic barriers. Pharmacists reported strict adherence to prescription-only rules, and described regulation and e-prescribing as a practical ‘shield’ that legitimised refusals and redirected some misuse from overt non-prescription requests towards attempts to reuse, extend, or ‘top up’ prior prescriptions and household leftovers. They described managing frequent patient demands for antibiotics for self-limiting conditions and using brief counselling scripts, written aids, and symptomatic alternatives to promote appropriate use. Participants emphasised the risks of antibiotic-related harms, including AMR and other health consequences, while also highlighting workload, access constraints, and communication difficulties as barriers to effective counselling. Overall, the findings indicate that community pharmacists in Cyprus function as front-line antimicrobial stewards. Conclusions: These accounts position community pharmacists in Cyprus as front-line antimicrobial stewards. Policy should consider supporting this function by providing enhanced communication tools, improving access pathways for timely prescriber review (including outside routine hours), and strengthening links between community pharmacy and national AMR action plans.