# One Health Perspective on Antimicrobial Resistance in Bovine Mastitis Pathogens—A Narrative Review

## TL;DR

This review explores how antimicrobial resistance in bovine mastitis threatens animal, human, and environmental health, stressing the need for coordinated solutions.

## Contribution

The paper provides a One Health perspective on AMR in bovine mastitis, identifying key drivers and mitigation strategies.

## Key findings

- Antimicrobial resistance in bovine mastitis pathogens is driven by overuse of antimicrobials and poor farm practices.
- Environmental contamination and gene transmission pathways are poorly understood but critical for addressing resistance.
- Innovative strategies like improved diagnostics and sustainable practices are proposed to combat resistance.

## Abstract

Background/Objectives: Bovine mastitis, a significant global concern in dairy farming, results in substantial economic losses and poses considerable risks to both animal and human health. With the increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in mastitis pathogens, the potential for resistant infections to spread from livestock to humans and the environment is becoming a critical public health issue. This narrative review summarizes the current evidence on antimicrobial resistance in pathogens causing bovine mastitis and examines it from a One Health perspective, encompassing animal, human, and environmental interfaces. Results: By examining the complex interplay among animal, human, and environmental health, we highlight key factors that drive resistance, including the overuse of antimicrobials, poor farm management, and environmental contamination. We also discuss innovative strategies, such as enhanced surveillance, pathogen-specific diagnostics, alternatives to antimicrobials, and sustainable farm practices, that can mitigate the emergence of resistance. Key knowledge gaps include a limited understanding of antimicrobial residues, resistant pathogens, and gene transmission pathways and inconsistent implementation of antimicrobial stewardship practices. Conclusions: This review emphasizes the need for a coordinated, multidisciplinary effort to reduce the burden of AMR in bovine mastitis pathogens, ensuring the continued efficacy of antimicrobials and safeguarding public health through responsible management and policy interventions.