# Year in Review: Axial Spondyloarthritis

## TL;DR

This review summarizes recent advancements in axial spondyloarthritis research from 2024–2025, covering immune mechanisms, imaging, and treatment.

## Contribution

Highlights novel immune mechanisms like IL-17 extracellular vesicles and CD8+ T cell responses, and advances in AI-based diagnosis and imaging.

## Key findings

- Novel immune stromal interactions, including IL-17 extracellular vesicles and IL-33-induced TREM2+ macrophages, were identified.
- Artificial intelligence models showed strong performance in early diagnosis and disease activity prediction.
- An international consensus on MRI protocols and the use of ultrasound for enthesitis assessment were established.

## Abstract

Axial spondyloarthritis is a chronic inflammatory disease primarily affecting the sacroiliac joints and spine. Over the past two years, significant progress has been made across multiple domains of spondyloarthritis research. The current review critically summarises key advancements in research during 2024–2025, covering pathophysiology, epidemiology, diagnosis, imaging, and clinical management. Notable findings include novel immune stromal interactions, such as IL-17 extracellular vesicles, IL-33 induced TREM2+ macrophages and disease specific CD8+ T cell responses that provide insight into bone remodelling and inflammation. Epidemiological data confirm persistent diagnostic delays, though targeted referral strategies show promise. Advances in imaging include an international consensus on MRI protocols and the growing use of ultrasound for the assessment of enthesitis. Artificial intelligence models demonstrate strong performance in early diagnosis, imaging interpretation and disease activity prediction and prognosis, while advances in therapy include the first head-to-head trial and numerous real-world data.