# Decoding the molecular mechanism via systems biology-based insights into neoschaftoside from Ailanthus altissima targeting lung cancer

## TL;DR

This study identifies neoschaftoside from Ailanthus altissima as a potential compound that targets EGFR in lung cancer, offering a new approach for cancer treatment.

## Contribution

The study reveals neoschaftoside as a novel bioactive compound that modulates EGFR signaling in lung cancer through systems biology and molecular simulations.

## Key findings

- Neoschaftoside was identified as the top bioactive compound interacting with EGFR-related hub genes in lung cancer.
- Molecular docking and MD simulations showed strong binding and structural stabilization of the EGFR-neoschaftoside complex.
- PCA and DCCM analyses confirmed reduced global motions and enhanced dynamics upon ligand binding, supporting neoschaftoside's potential as an EGFR inhibitor.

## Abstract

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a critical regulator of multiple oncogenic signaling cascades, including MAPK, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, and JAK–STAT pathways, which collectively contribute to enhanced proliferation, angiogenesis, and resistance to apoptosis in cancer. Aberrant EGFR activation has been strongly associated with tumor progression and therapeutic resistance, underscoring its importance as a molecular target for anticancer interventions. Ailanthus altissima (A. altissima), is known for its broad-spectrum anticancer potential although the underlying mechanism has not yet been clearly defined. Therefore, in present study, bioactive constituents of A. altissima were systematically analyzed for their ability to modulate proteins implicated in cancer pathogenesis and subsequently overlapped with hub genes differentially expressed across cancer grades. The common targets were mapped to lung cancer associated signaling pathways, revealing EGFR as a highly modulated node. Among the identified metabolites, neoschaftoside emerged as the top-ranked bioactive interacting with EGFR-related hub genes. Later, Molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations demonstrated strong binding affinity and conformational stability of the EGFR neoschaftoside complex. Post-MD analyses, including principal component analysis (PCA) and dynamic cross-correlation matrix (DCCM) analysis, further indicated restricted global motions and enhanced correlated dynamics, confirming structural stabilization upon ligand binding. Collectively, these findings suggest that neoschaftoside may function as a promising lead compound capable of inhibiting EGFR activity through modulation of EGFR signaling, thereby suppressing oncogenic progression.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41598-025-33214-0.