# Public perception of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in Montenegro: insight for sustainable biotechnology and policy development

## TL;DR

This study explores how people in Montenegro perceive genetically modified organisms, finding widespread concern about health and environmental risks.

## Contribution

The study identifies distinct consumer groups and highlights the role of misinformation and trust in shaping GMO perceptions in Montenegro.

## Key findings

- 76% of respondents believe GMOs are harmful to human health.
- Three consumer groups were identified based on their level of concern and information sources.
- Misinformation and low institutional trust significantly influence public attitudes toward GMOs.

## Abstract

Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) hold significant potential for enhancing agricultural sustainability, yet public acceptance remains limited. This study examined consumer perceptions of GMOs in Montenegro, where traditional agriculture coexists with emerging biotechnology. Using an online survey of 1178 respondents, attitudes toward GMOs, health and environmental risk perceptions, and media influences were analyzed. Results showed that 76% of respondents considered GMOs harmful to human health, with strong concerns regarding environmental and animal impacts. Women and respondents with higher education levels expressed higher risk awareness. K-means clustering identified three consumer groups – Highly Concerned (34.9%), Moderately Concerned (37.9%), and Critical but Uncertain (27.2%) – differing in awareness, information sources, and consumption behavior. Findings highlight the role of misinformation and low institutional trust in shaping public attitudes. Strengthening science-based communication and transparent labeling policies is essential for fostering informed decisions and supporting the integration of biotechnology into sustainable agriculture.