# Zirconium (IV) layered phosphonate-phosphate as catalysts for the valorization of glycerol

## TL;DR

This paper explores zirconium-based catalysts for converting glycerol into solketal, a fuel additive, with high efficiency and stability.

## Contribution

The study introduces zirconium (IV) layered phosphonate-phosphate materials as novel, recyclable catalysts for glycerol valorization.

## Key findings

- Catalysts achieved 85% yield and 98% selectivity for solketal under optimal conditions.
- Phosphate groups were critical for Brønsted acidity and long-term stability.
- The catalyst showed promising activity even at room temperature.

## Abstract

The valorization of glycerol, a large-volume byproduct of biodiesel production, remains a key challenge for the biorefinery sector. Among the available strategies, its acetalization with acetone offers a sustainable route to produce solketal, a valuable fuel additive. The feasibility of this valorization route is, however, largely dependent on the continuous research towards highly performant, stable catalysts with carefully designed acidic sites. In this work, hybrid porous zirconium phosphonate-phosphate materials were synthesized and evaluated as recyclable heterogeneous catalysts. The acidity was systematically investigated using Hammett indicators, supported by solid-state 31P NMR, XPS, and ammonia TPD analyses. Their structural and thermal stability was also assessed. The incorporation of phosphate groups was found to be essential to provide sufficient Brønsted acidity and enhance the long-term stability of the catalysts, as evidenced by their successful recyclability during multiple catalytic runs. In addition, yields of 85%, with a selectivity of 98% can be reported in optimal conditions, and the catalyst was even found to offer very promising conversions at room temperature.