# How do they eat: a digital diet ethnography of dietary behavior determinants among New Zealand and Chinese university students

## TL;DR

This study compares how food environments influence university students' diets in New Zealand and China, highlighting the role of time, cost, and cultural factors.

## Contribution

A cross-cultural digital ethnography approach reveals how institutional and cultural contexts shape dietary behaviors among university students.

## Key findings

- Time scarcity, cost, and convenience are key drivers of dietary choices in both New Zealand and China.
- In New Zealand, on-campus versus off-campus food environments significantly influence student diets.
- Social and environmental factors dominate dietary decisions in China, shaped by subsidized canteens and cultural norms.

## Abstract

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are a leading cause of global mortality and poor dietary habits are key contributors. University students are especially vulnerable to obesogenic food environments, yet cross-cultural qualitative evidence on how campus and home food environments shape student dietary behaviors is limited. This study used digital diet ethnography to compare determinants of dietary behavior among university students in New Zealand and China.

Nine New Zealand and ten Chinese university students recorded their meals and contextual reflections via the Indeemo platform for 90 days. Multimodal data (photos, videos, text) were thematically analyzed using a hybrid inductive–abductive approach informed by cohort-specific theoretical frameworks; coding followed a harmonized content-analysis protocol with double-coding, consensus meetings, and manual verification of automated transcripts.

New Zealand findings coalesced into four themes: (1) time is of the essence, (2) cash is king, (3) the on-off campus conundrum, and (4) miscellaneous influences. In China three major themes emerged: (1) social and environmental determinants, (2) food-related determinants, and (3) intrapersonal determinants. Clear distinctions exist between on-campus and at-home datasets. Across cohorts, time scarcity, perceived cost, convenience, sensory preferences and social influences were dominant drivers. However, their mechanisms differed according to institutional food systems (marketized options vs. subsidized canteens) and cultural contexts.

University students' suboptimal dietary patterns primarily reflect rational, pragmatic responses to shared contextual constraints rather than individual deficits in diet behaviors. The consistency of these constraints across divergent food environments underscores the need for structural interventions that increase the availability, affordability, convenience, and sensory appeal of healthier options while leveraging each system's strengths to make healthy eating the default choice.