# Impact of sex differences on clinical characteristics of anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis during the acute phase: a single-center retrospective study

## TL;DR

This study finds that female patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis face greater challenges during the acute phase compared to males.

## Contribution

The study reveals sex-based differences in clinical features and outcomes during the acute phase of anti-NMDAR encephalitis.

## Key findings

- Female patients had decreased levels of consciousness and higher antibody titers in CSF compared to males.
- Male patients had higher CSF protein levels and were more likely to test positive for anti-MOG antibodies.
- Female patients had lower treatment improvement rates and higher likelihood of automatic discharge by family members.

## Abstract

To elucidate the influence of sex differences on the clinical characteristics of anti-NMDAR encephalitis during the acute phase.

Patients diagnosed with anti-NMDAR encephalitis who were hospitalized at Huanhu Hospital, affiliated with Tianjin University, from January 2020 to January 2025 were collected. They were divided into two groups: male and female. Clinical data for both groups were gathered, including age, history of prodromal infection, clinical manifestations, complications, presence of tumor, laboratory indices, MRI findings, GCS scores, length of hospital stay, treatment regimens, and acute phase outcomes. Statistical methods were employed to compare the differences between the two groups.

A total of 43 patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis were included in this study, comprising 20 male patients (46.51%) and 23 female patients (53.49%). Female patients were more likely to exhibit decreased levels of consciousness compared to male patients (χ2 = 4.113, p = 0.043). Additionally, the antibody titers in CSF of female patients were significantly higher than those in male patients too (Z = −2.870, p = 0.004). Interestingly, CSF protein levels were higher in male patients than in female patients (Z = −2.591, p = 0.019), and male patients were more prone to test positive for anti-MOG antibodies (χ2 = 5.715, p = 0.017). The treatment improvement rate for female patients was lower than that for male patients (Z = 4.768, p = 0.029), and family members of female patients were more likely to automatic discharge (χ2 = 4.075, p = 0.044).

Female patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis experience greater challenges and difficulties compared to male patients. Therefore, it is necessary to choose more proactive treatment options for female patients to help reduce the risk of adverse outcome in acute phase.