# Brain capillary endothelial-like cells show altered barrier functionality and reduced transport of amyloid β in late-onset Alzheimer disease

## TL;DR

This study shows that brain capillary cells in late-onset Alzheimer's disease have altered barrier function and reduced transport of harmful amyloid beta oligomers.

## Contribution

A novel in vitro model using patient-derived stem cells reveals LOAD-specific changes in blood-brain barrier function and amyloid transport.

## Key findings

- LOAD BCECs show subtle changes in barrier integrity markers like mucins and aquaporins.
- LOAD BCECs exhibit reduced levels of cadherin 5 and altered transport of Aβ oligomers.
- Findings were validated in cerebrospinal fluid proteomes of LOAD patients.

## Abstract

With the progression of late-onset Alzheimer disease (LOAD), there is a dysregulation and then a breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). An important pathological feature in the brains of patients is the accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides. Their aggregation leads to the formation of particularly harmful Aβ oligomers (Aβ-O). Unfortunately, our understanding of changes in the blood-brain barrier, particularly with regard to the effects of Aβ-O, is still very limited.

This study investigated a LOAD-specific and induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-based in vitro model of the BBB for disease mechanisms and validated the findings in two independent laboratories. This study also investigated Aβ transport across the BBB. Furthermore, obtained in vitro findings were confirmed in the cerebrospinal fluid proteome of a LOAD patient cohort.

Control and LOAD hiPSCs exhibited comparable efficiency in forming brain capillary endothelial-like cells (BCECs). Although transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) assessments indicated no significant differences in barrier tightness between LOAD and control BCECs, high-throughput multiplex qPCR analysis revealed subtle alterations in barrier integrity. This included changes in various barrier markers, such as mucins (MUC1, MUC20), aquaporins (AQP5, AQP10), junctional transcripts (CLDNs, TJP1, OCLN), and receptors (LRP1, INSR, LSR), which were confirmed in LOAD patients. High-content imaging and flow cytometry indicated reduced cadherin 5 (CDH5) levels in LOAD BCECs. Importantly, the results also highlighted a difference in the transport of Aβ-O across the BBB.

This model demonstrates a LOAD-relevant phenotype with decreased Aβ transport and alterations in key transcripts and could thus serve for future translational studies to rescue pathogenic phenotypes.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12987-025-00753-7.