# Characterization and Comparison of Milk Fat Globule Membrane Proteins, Whey Protein Concentrate, and Micellar Casein Concentrate

## TL;DR

This study compares MFGMP with WPC and MCC, finding MFGMP has better stability, amino acids, and digestibility, making it a high-quality protein source.

## Contribution

The study provides a comprehensive characterization of MFGMP's proteomic profile and functional properties compared to other milk proteins.

## Key findings

- MFGMP showed higher structural stability with more α-helix and fewer random coils than WPC and MCC.
- MFGMP had a superior amino acid profile and higher essential amino acid index compared to WPC and MCC.
- MFGMP exhibited faster in vitro digestion and higher hydrolysis than WPC.

## Abstract

Milk fat globule membrane (MFGM), primarily composed of polar lipids and numerous glycoprotein‐dominated proteins, is an emerging dairy ingredient with considerable application potential. This study systematically characterized the protein composition, structural features, nutritional properties, and digestive characteristics of three bovine milk protein materials: MFGM‐enriched whey protein (MFGMP), whey protein concentrate (WPC), and micellar casein concentrate (MCC). Label‐free quantitative proteomics identified 1025 proteins in MFGMP and 773 in WPC, with 284 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) between them, including 247 upregulated and 37 downregulated proteins (MFGMP/WPC). Gene Ontology (GO) analysis indicated that the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were mainly involved in protein transport, defense response to Gram‐positive bacteria, and negative regulation of endopeptidase activity. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis revealed enrichment in 45 metabolic pathways, notably complement and coagulation cascades, endocytosis, and regulation of the actin cytoskeleton. Structurally, MFGMP exhibited enhanced stability, characterized by higher α‐helix and lower random coil content compared to WPC and MCC. Nutritionally, while valine was identified as the first limiting amino acid, MFGMP demonstrated a superior amino acid score and a higher essential amino acid index compared to both WPC and MCC, closely aligning with the FAO/WHO reference pattern and establishing it as a high‐quality protein source. During in vitro digestion, MFGMP showed more rapid intestinal degradation with a higher degree of hydrolysis than WPC, demonstrating superior proteolytic accessibility and digestive efficiency. These findings provide mechanistic insights into the distinctive value of MFGMP and establish a scientific basis for developing MFGM‐based functional foods.

This study compared milk fat globule membrane protein (MFGMP) with whey protein concentrate (WPC) and micellar casein concentrate (MCC). The results revealed MFGMP's superior structural stability and amino acid profile, identified its unique proteomic landscape through label‐free quantification, and demonstrated its enhanced in vitro digestibility. These collectively position MFGMP as a high‐quality, functional protein source.