# PRDM16 expression is an independent prognostic factor in AML with the double-mutant NPM1/FLT3-ITD genotype

## TL;DR

PRDM16 expression levels predict survival in a specific type of acute myeloid leukemia with NPM1 and FLT3-ITD mutations.

## Contribution

PRDM16 expression is identified as an independent prognostic marker in double-mutant NPM1/FLT3-ITD AML.

## Key findings

- Low PRDM16 expression correlates with better survival in NPM1/FLT3-ITD AML.
- PRDM16 overexpression is associated with mutations in DNMT3A and FLT3-ITD.
- IDH mutations contribute to PRDM16 promoter methylation and reduced expression.

## Abstract

PRDM16 (PR Domain Containing 16) is a transcription factor that plays a critical role in hematopoietic stem cell maintenance. In acute myeloid leukemia (AML), PRDM16 overexpression is linked to specific cytogenetic risk groups and poor prognosis. However, in NPM1-mutated AMLs, PRDM16 expression varies widely, with no consensus on its prognostic significance. To understand molecular and clinical associations of PRDM16 expression in this relevant subgroup, we screened 503 adult NPM1-mutant AML patients. High PRDM16 expression was associated with mutations in DNMT3A (57% vs 22%; p < 0.0001) and FLT3-ITD (51% vs 37%; p = 0.0258), and therefore a higher rate of ELN2022 intermediate-risk (42% vs 26%; p = 0.01), compared to low PRDM16 expression. Accordingly, PRDM16 overexpression was not associated with clinical outcome in multivariable analysis adjusting for ELN2022 risk in the unselected NPM1-mutant AML cohort. However, within the double-mutant NPM1/FLT3-ITD subgroup (n = 200), low PRDM16 expression was an independent prognostic factor for longer survival (hazard ratio [95%-CI] 0.467 [0.270–0.807]; p = 0.006). On a molecular level, low PRDM16 expression was associated with mutations in epigenetic regulators (TET2, IDH1/2) and increased PRDM16 promoter methylation, suggesting impaired TET/IDH-mediated DNA-demethylation as underlying mechanism. Notably, IDH1 R132C and IDH2 R140Q alterations particularly contributed to higher PRDM16 promoter methylation and reduced expression. These results suggest an association of PRDM16 overexpression with the NPM1/FLT3-ITD/DNMT3A triple-mutant AML genotype, typically linked to high leukemia stem cell frequencies and poor prognosis. Importantly, within this adverse AML subtype low PRDM16 expression is an independent prognostic marker for favorable outcome, supporting an anti-leukemic mechanism in AMLs with repressed PRDM16 transcription.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00277-026-06767-x.