# Uncovering the evolving drivers of student engagement in physical education: a dynamic analysis across developmental stages

## TL;DR

This study explores how student engagement in physical education changes over time and identifies key patterns to guide effective interventions.

## Contribution

A novel integration of the Delphi method with Time-Varying Influence Network and dynamic MICMAC analysis to track evolving drivers of student engagement.

## Key findings

- Dynamic system evolution shows convergence toward equilibrium, transient dominance, and structural stability.
- Timing and targeting are crucial for effective intervention strategies.
- Stable core elements should be reinforced for sustained engagement.

## Abstract

To address the limitations of static and subjective methods, this study aims to examine the dynamic interplay among factors influencing student engagement in physical education across different developmental stages.

This study integrates an enhanced Delphi method with a Time-Varying Influence Network model and dynamic MICMAC analysis to compute time-varying driver power and dependency from the evolving total influence matrix.

The dynamic system evolution was characterized by three key patterns: convergence toward equilibrium, transient dominance, and structural stability.

The dynamic system evolution is characterized by three key patterns: convergence toward equilibrium, transient dominance, and structural stability. These results underscore the importance of timing and targeting in intervention strategies and the need to reinforce stable core elements.