# Measuring electric-acoustic heterodyning in piezoelectric materials

## TL;DR

The paper introduces a new method to measure how electric and sound waves mix in piezoelectric materials, which is crucial for improving future devices.

## Contribution

A microwave interferometer technique is developed to measure electric-acoustic heterodyning in piezoelectric materials.

## Key findings

- The method detects sum and difference frequencies from signal mixing in the electromagnetic spectrum.
- The heterodyne signal is confirmed to be electric-acoustic, not purely electric.
- The mixed signal scales linearly with the input powers of the fundamental signals.

## Abstract

Many electrically active devices rely on nonlinear signal mixing (heterodyning) between two electrical signals. Heterodyning between electric and acoustic signals can allow for active control of typically passive components such as transmission lines, acoustic resonators, and electrical resonators built from piezoelectric materials. However, there are few techniques to characterize the nonlinear properties of materials that lead to heterodyning between electric and acoustic signals within the material. Here we demonstrate a proof-of-concept microwave interferometer that uses electromagnetic and acoustic waves to measure second-order mixing from electrical and acoustic signals in a piezoelectric material. The sum and difference frequencies of signal mixing can be detected in the electromagnetic spectrum in our measurement. We show the effect of frequency and power of the fundamental signals on the mixing products. We additionally characterize the heterodyne signal to show that it is electric-acoustic in nature, versus purely electric. Characterizing nonlinear electric-acoustic properties is important to the development of next generation piezoelectric materials models and devices.

The authors develop a microwave interferometer method to measure how electric and acoustic waves mix inside piezoelectric materials. Using this approach, they detect and quantified electric-acoustic heterodyning in lead zirconium titanate, showing the mixed signal scales linearly with both input powers.