# The earliest elephant-bone tool from Europe: An unexpected raw material for precision knapping of Acheulean handaxes

## TL;DR

This paper describes the discovery of the oldest elephant-bone tool in Europe, used by early humans for making stone tools around 500,000 years ago.

## Contribution

It presents the first documented use of elephant bone as a knapping hammer in Europe, dating back to the Middle Pleistocene.

## Key findings

- A cortical bone fragment from an elephant was shaped into a percussor for resharpening flint tools.
- This tool represents the earliest known use of elephant bone in Europe for knapping purposes.
- The discovery provides insights into hominin technological adaptations and survival strategies in harsh environments.

## Abstract

Organic knapping tools made from bone, antler, and wood were essential to early human toolkits but are rarely preserved in the archeological record. The earliest known soft hammers, dating to ~480,000 years ago, come from Boxgrove (UK), where modified antlers and large mammal bones were used alongside flint hard hammers. These tools facilitated complex knapping techniques, such as platform preparation and tranchet flake removal, contributing to the production of finely worked ovate handaxes typical of the Boxgrove Acheulean industry. This study presents a cortical bone fragment from an elephant, deliberately shaped into a percussor for resharpening flint tools. It represents the earliest known use of elephant bone in Europe and the first documented case of its use as a knapping hammer. Reconstructing its life history offers further insights into Middle Pleistocene hominin technological adaptations, resourcefulness, and survival strategies that enabled humans to endure harsh northern environments.

Europe’s earliest elephant-bone tool sheds light on 500,000-year-old human innovation and cognitive abilities.