# Universal and quantitative detection of double-stranded RNAs as a signature of pan-virus infections using a luciferase-based biosensor

## TL;DR

A new biosensor detects double-stranded RNA from various viruses, offering a faster and more efficient alternative to traditional antibody-based methods.

## Contribution

A luciferase-based biosensor is introduced for universal and quantitative detection of viral dsRNA across multiple virus families.

## Key findings

- The biosensor detects dsRNA from JEV and other viruses including ssRNA, dsRNA, and DNA viruses.
- Luminescence signals were observed directly from lysates of infected cells using phase separation.
- The biosensor can assess antiviral compound activity in a high-throughput format.

## Abstract

Infections with various RNA viruses and certain DNA viruses may produce double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) during replication, which trigger host innate immune responses. Immunoassays using anti-dsRNA antibodies have been widely employed to detect viral dsRNA. In this study, we used a luciferase-based dsRNA biosensor for viral dsRNA detection, which consists of protein kinase R (PKR)-derived dsRNA binding domains fused to split luciferase subunits and is available as part of a commercial system.

We demonstrate the use of the dsRNA biosensor to measure viral dsRNA in RNA specimens extracted from cells infected with Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). Moreover, the biosensor reacts to a broad-spectrum of dsRNAs from infection with representatives of various viral families including positive- and negative-sense single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) viruses, dsRNA viruses, and DNA viruses. We validated the specific interaction between the dsRNA biosensor and viral RNA including subgenomic flavivirus RNA (sfRNA) through RNA immunoprecipitation. Additionally, we observed luminescence signals directly from lysates of JEV-infected cells after cell lysis and phase separation with Triton X-114. Finally, we used the biosensor to assess the activity of antiviral compounds.

Our results demonstrate that the luciferase-based dsRNA biosensor offers a simple, homogeneous, and high-throughput platform for quantifying viral replication, presenting a promising alternative to antibody-based dsRNA detection methods.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13036-025-00601-0.