# Carbonation of Calcined Clay Dolomite for the Removal of Co(II): Performance and Mechanism

## TL;DR

A new method for making carbonated calcined clay dolomite (CCCD) efficiently removes cobalt from water, using lower energy and maintaining stable pH.

## Contribution

A pre-hydration method lowers carbonation temperature and enables high Co(II) removal with stable pH and long-term efficiency.

## Key findings

- CCCD achieves 99.0% Co(II) removal efficiency over one month in continuous flow.
- The Langmuir model best fits equilibrium data with a maximum capacity of 621.1 mg g−1.
- Co(II) removal is driven by precipitation of Co(OH)2 and CoCO3 at particle surfaces.

## Abstract

The rising levels of Co(II) in aquatic environments present considerable risks, thereby necessitating the development of effective remediation strategies. This study introduces an innovative pre-hydration method for synthesizing carbonated calcined clay dolomite (CCCD) to efficiently remove Co(II) from contaminated water. This pre-hydration treatment successfully reduced the complete carbonation temperature of the material from 500 °C to 400 °C, significantly enhancing energy efficiency. The Co(II) removal performance was systematically investigated by varying key parameters such as contact time, initial Co(II) concentration, pH, and solid/liquid ratio. Optimal removal was achieved at 318 K with pH of 4 and a solid/liquid ratio of 0.5 g·L−1. Continuous flow column experiments confirmed the excellent long-term stability of CCCD, maintaining a consistent Co(II) removal efficiency of 99.0% and a stable effluent pH of 8.5 over one month. Isotherm and kinetic models were used to empirically describe concentration-dependent and time-dependent uptake behavior. The equilibrium data were best described by the Langmuir model, while kinetics followed a pseudo-second-order model. An apparent maximum removal capacity of 621.1 mg g−1 was obtained from Langmuir fitting of equilibrium uptake data. Mechanistic insights from Visual MINTEQ calculations and solid phase characterizations (XRD, XPS, and TEM) indicate that Co(II) removal is dominated by mineral water interface precipitation. The gradual hydration of periclase (MgO) forms Mg(OH)2, which creates localized alkaline microenvironments at particle surfaces and drives Co(OH)2 formation. Carbonate availability further favors CoCO3 formation and retention on CCCD. Importantly, this localized precipitation pathway maintains a stable, mildly alkaline effluent pH (around 8.5), reducing downstream pH adjustment demand and improving operational compatibility. Overall, CCCD combines high Co(II) immobilization efficiency, strong long-term stability, and an energy-efficient preparation route, supporting its potential for scalable remediation of Co(II) contaminated water.